What Made Art of the 14th Century So Different From That of the Middledark Ages?

Here's where nosotros are:
Olivia
Here'south where we started:
Monks
So how did we get hither?  Skilful question.

The Start of Music in the Westrn Civilization
Music in the Middle Ages (Medieval) 500-1400

The traditions of Western music can be traced back to the social and religious developments that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, the years roughly spanning from about500 to 1400 A.D. Because of thedomination of the early on Cosmic Church during this period, sacred music was by far the most notated(written down).Beginning with Gregorian Chant, sacred music slowly developed into a polyphonic music called organum performed at Notre Matriarch in Paris by the twelfth century.

Secular music flourished, too, in the hands of the traveling minstrel shows similar the

French troubadours , until the period culminated with the sacred and secular compositions of the first true genius of Western music,Guillaume de Machaut.

Music had been a part of the world's civilizations for hundreds of years before the Eye Ages. Primitive cave drawings, stories from the Bible, and Egyptian hieroglyphics all attest to the fact that people had created instruments and had been making music for centuries.

The wordmusic derives from the ancient Greekmuses, the nine goddesses of art and scientific discipline. The beginning study of music as an art course dates from effectually500 B.C., when Pythagoras experimented with acoustics and the mathematical relationships of tones (we'll talk about that afterwards). In so doing, Pythagoras and others established theGreekmodes: scalescomprised of whole tones and half steps.
*Click here for Youtube of Tetrachors and major scale.
*Click hither for Youtube Greek Modes

With the slow emergence of European lodge from the dark ages betwixt the fall of the Roman empire and the

predominance of the Catholic Church, dozens of "mini-kingdoms" were established all over Europe, each presided over by a lord who had fought for and won the land.More often than not through superstitious fear, early Cosmic leaders were able to claim accented power over these feudal lords.  The Church building was able to dictate the progress of arts and letters co-ordinate to its own strictures and employed all the scribes, musicians and artists. At this time, western music was well-nigh the sole property of the Catholic Church and it'southward development was subject to the church building's needs and whims.
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1.

Gregorian Chant
The early Christian church derived their music from existing Jewish and Byzantine religious chant. Like well-nigh music in the Western world upwardly to this time, plainchant was monophonic : that is, it comprised a unmarried melody without whatsoever harmony or accompaniment . The many hundreds of melodies are divers past one of the eight Greek modes , some of which sound very different from the major/small scales our ears are used to today. The melodies are free in tempo and seem to wander melodically, dictated by the Latin liturgical texts to which they are ready. As these chants spread throughout Europe , they were embellished and developed along many different lines in various regions and according to various sects. It was believed that Pope Gregory I (reigned 590-604) codified them during the sixth-century, establishing uniform usage throughout the Western Catholic Church. Although his actual contribution to this enormous body of music remains unknown, his proper noun has been applied to this music, and it is known as Gregorian Dirge .

Gregorian Chant--named after Pope Gregory-- remains among the largest drove of musical works. Many years later, composers of Renaissancepolyphony very often used plainchant melodies every bit the ground for their sacred works.
An Example of Chant
An Example of Chant

2.
Ars Antiqua (organum-2 voices)
Notre Dame- Leonin and Perotin
Old during the ninth century, music theorists in the Church began experimenting with the idea ofsinging 2 melodic lines simultaneously at parallel intervals, usually at the fourth, 5th, or octave.The resulting hollow-sounding music texture was calledorganum and very slowly developed over the next hundred years. By the eleventh century, 1, two (and much later, even three) added melodic lines were no longer moving in parallel movement, but contrary to each other, sometimes fifty-fifty crossing. The original chant melody was then sung very slowly on long held notes chosen thetenor (from the Latintenere, meaningto concord) and the added melodies wove about and embellished the resulting drone.

This music thrived at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris  during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and much after became known as the

Ars Antiqua, or the "former art." The two composers at Notre Dame especially known for composing in this style are Léonin(fl. ca. 1163-1190) , who equanimous organa for two voices, and his successor Pérotin (fl. early13th century), whose organa included three and fifty-fifty four voices. Pérotin's music is an excellent example of this very early on form ofpolyphony (music fortwo or more than simultaneously sounding voices).

This music was slowly displaced by the smoother contours of the polyphonic music of the fourteenth century, which became known as the Ars Nova or "new art."

From the Ars Antiqua period

An Example of Organum (2 voices)
​An Example of Organum (two Voices)
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3.
Ars Nova (organum-more 2 voices)
Guillaume de Machaut
Born: Champagne region of France, ca. 1300
Died: Rheims, 1377
Having had a clerical didactics and taken Holy orders, Machaut's career as a poet and composer took flight when he joined the courtroom of John, Duke of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia around 1323, serving as the king's secretarial assistant until that monarch's decease in boxing at Crécy in 1346. Sometime before this, Machaut had settled in Rheims where he remained until his expiry, serving as canon in the cathedral there. His services as a composer were sought out by of import patrons, including the time to come Charles 5 of French republic.His poetry was known throughout Europe and his admirers included Geoffrey Chaucer.Machaut is probably best remembered for being the first composer to create a polypho nic setting of Cosmic Mass. The new style of the fourteenth century, dubbed theArs Nova past composers of the period, was a new polyphonic way caught that on with composers and paved the fashion for the flowering of choral music in the Renaissance.

Although today the Mass is probably his best-known work, Machaut too equanimous dozens of secular beloved songs, likewise in the manner of the polyphonic "new art." These songs recap the courtly love found in the previous century's vocal fine art, and capture all the joy, hope, pain and heartbreak of courtly romance. The secular choral works of the Middle Ages eventually evolved into the great outpouring of lovesick lyricism embodied in the music of the swell Renaissance Madrigalists.

Guillaume de Machaut is the first composer in Western music history who seemed to be conscious of his creative achievements and of his place in history. To assure that identify, Machaut saw to it that his work was painstakingly copied and artfully illustrated, the first known instance of a composer thus preserving his ain work for posterity.

From the Ars Nova menstruation

An Example of Organum (more than two voices)
An Case of Organum (more than than 2 voices)

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The Trouvères and the Troubadours
Popular music, usually in the form of secular songs, existed during the Heart Ages. This music was non bound by the traditions of the Church building, nor was it even written downwards for the outset fourth dimension until sometime after the tenth century.Hundreds of these songs were created and performed (and afterwards notated) by bands of musicians flourishing across Europe and England during the twelfth and 13th centuries, the most famous of which were the French trouvères and troubadours . The monophonic melodies of these itinerant musicians, to which may take been added improvised accompaniments, were often rhythmically lively. The subject of the overwhelming majority of these songs is love, in all its permutations of joy and hurting.

Although secular music during the Middle Ages was undoubtedly played on instruments and accompanied voices,

instrumental trip the light fantastic music didn't come into its ain until the later Renaissance.Troubadours & Minstrels and the instruments they used.

An instance of instrumental secular popular music in the Center Ages

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Music in Medieval Times: Middle/Dark Ages
RE-CAP

0—Pax Romana
200—Get-go of the fall of the Roman Empire
381—Emperor Constantine makes Christianity the religion of the Empire
500—Roman Empire has fallen

500—1400 Dark Ages or Center Ages

• Church building takes over the role of the authorities
• The Empire is dividing into mini-kingdoms
• Church grows stronger and more than powerful and richer
• We've e'er had music but haven't ever had a way to write it downwards
• Church in command so music mostly Church building music
• Music is monophonic chant (single tune, no harmony, no accompaniment—a cappella (in the church style) as dictated by the church
• 1000—Guido devises music notation
• 1000-1200—Paris Notre Dame—Organum—harmony (two or more tones)
• Machaut—Mass, secular work/notation, poet, signed his work

Dark ages fuel organisation:
   Kings/Queens (1%)
   Nobles/Nights (nine%)
   Peasants (90%)
   Troubadours & Minstrels helped change music (and history)Music Development of chant:

• Monophonic--ane voice
• Organum--ii-voices
• Organum +2-voices
• Polyphonic--many voices

Blackness Death and Crusades:the ultimate game changers of history

voglersuchemsess1987.blogspot.com

Source: http://www.milesfish.com/lecture-2-medieval-times.html

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